Umusaruro Mbere, Imishahara Nyuma? Impaka u Rwanda Rutazabasha Kwirengagiza

Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda, Dr. Justin Nsengiyumva, aherutse kongera kubyutsa impaka zimaze igihe ku mishahara, umusaruro w'abakozi n'ubutabera mu bukungu. Avuga ku kibazo cy'umushahara muto fatizo, yagaragaje ko icyihutirwa kurusha ibindi ari ukongera umusaruro, yumvikanisha ko izamuka ry'imishahara rikwiye gukurikira izamuka ry'ibyo abakozi batanga mu kazi, aho kuribanziriza. Yanaburiye ko kongera imishahara hatabayeho izamuka rijyanye n'umusaruro bishobora gutuma abakoresha bagabanya umubare w'abakozi, bikarangira ubushomeri bwiyongereye.

Urebye bwa mbere, iyo ngingo isa n'ifite ishingiro mu bukungu. Ishamikiye ku myumvire isanzwe mu bukungu ibona ikiguzi cy'umurimo ahanini hashingiwe ku bushobozi bw'ibigo bwo guhangana ku isoko no ku mikorere inoze y'isoko. Ariko nanone iyo mvugo ibyutsa ibibazo bikomeye ku buzima abakozi basanzwe bo mu Rwanda bahura na bwo uyu munsi, ndetse no ku bitekerezo shingiro ubutegetsi bushingiraho mu gufata umurongo ku mishahara.

Kimwe mu bintu bikomeye bigaragara muri izi mpaka ni uko u Rwanda rukidafite uburyo bugezweho bwo kugena umushahara muto fatizo bushingiye ku bihe by'ubukungu bya none n'igiciro cy'imibereho. Ibiganiro byo kuzamura umushahara muto bigenda bigaruka uko ibihe bihita, ariko abakozi babarirwa muri za miliyoni baracyakora mu nzego aho imishahara akenshi idahagije kugira ngo ingo zabo zibashe kubona iby'ibanze. Ku bantu benshi bafite imishahara mito, cyane cyane abakora imirimo yo mu rugo, abarinzi bo mu bigo byigenga, abakora isuku, abubatsi n'abandi bari mu mirimo isaba ubumenyi buke, umushahara wa buri kwezi akenshi uba uri hasi cyane y'uwakenewe kugira ngo umuntu agire imibereho ihamye.

Uku kuri kwatumye abanenga imikorere iriho barushaho kwiyongera, barimo abaharanira uburenganzira bw'abakozi, impuguke mu bukungu n'amajwi atavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, bavuga ko izamuka ry'ubukungu ritahindutse ku rugero rukwiye ngo rigaragarire mu kwiyongera kw'amafaranga yinjira mu ngo. Nubwo u Rwanda rwagiye rushimirwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera ibyo rwagezeho mu iterambere, kwagura ibikorwa remezo no gushyiraho ibidukikije byorohereza ishoramari, abanenga bavuga ko inyungu z'iryo terambere zitagabanyijwe mu buryo bungana mu baturage bose.

Ubukungu bw'u Rwanda burushaho kugaragaza icyuho kigenda cyaguka hagati y'itsinda rito ry'abifite n'umubare munini w'abaturage bahanganye n'imishahara idahinduka, mu gihe ibiciro by'imibereho bikomeza kuzamuka. Abanenga bavuga ko kuba nta cyiciro cyo hagati gikomeye kandi cyigenga gihari ari ikimenyetso cy'ibibazo byimbitse by'imiterere y'ubukungu. Ku bwabo, amahirwe y'ubukungu aguma yegereye imiyoboro ifitanye isano na politiki, ibigo binini n'inzego zihabwa umwanya wihariye na politiki za Leta, mu gihe abakozi basanzwe bafite ubushobozi buke bwo kuganira ku mishahara yabo n'inzira nke zo kubona imishahara myiza.

Abayobozi ba Leta bo bahakana iyo myumvire, bagashimangira intambwe igihugu cyateye mu kugabanya ubukene, gukurura ishoramari, guteza imbere ubuvuzi, ibikorwa remezo no kuvugurura ubukungu. Nyamara kuba impaka ku mishahara zikomeza kugaruka bigaragaza ko imibare y'izamuka ry'ubukungu yonyine idahagije ngo isubize impungenge zijyanye n'imibereho y'abaturage n'uburyo amafaranga yinjira agabanywa mu nzego zitandukanye z'umuryango nyarwanda.

Ibyavuzwe na Minisitiri w'Intebe kandi bishingiye ku gitekerezo runaka cy'ubukungu: ko umusaruro ugomba kubanza kuzamuka mbere y'uko imishahara izamuka. Nubwo iyi myumvire igifite ijambo rikomeye mu bafata ibyemezo, ubushakashatsi bugezweho mu bukungu bugaragaza ishusho irushijeho kugorana.

Ibimenyetso bigenda byiyongera bigaragaza ko isano iri hagati y'imishahara n'umusaruro ikora mu byerekezo byombi. Abahanga mu bukungu bamaze igihe bavuga ko imishahara iri hejuru na yo ubwayo ishobora kugira uruhare mu kongera umusaruro. Abakozi bahembwa amafaranga abasha kubafasha kubona iby'ibanze baba bafite amahirwe menshi yo kugira ubuzima bwiza, kugira umurava, kutava mu kazi kenshi, no gukomeza gukora ku rwego ruhamye. Mu byo abahanga mu bukungu bita "efficiency wage theory," umushahara mwiza si igihembo cy'umusaruro gusa; ushobora no kuba imbarutso y'umusaruro.

Ubukungu bugezweho bw'umurimo bwanavuguruje igitekerezo kivuga ko amasoko y'umurimo ahora akora nk'amasoko ahangana neza kandi ku buryo bungana. Mu nzego nyinshi, cyane cyane izirimo abakozi bahembwa make, abakoresha bafite imbaraga nyinshi cyane kurusha abakozi mu biganiro bijyanye n'umushahara. Iyo amahirwe y'akazi ari make kandi ubushomeri bukaba impungenge zihoraho, abakozi bashobora kwemera imishahara itagaragaza neza agaciro k'umusaruro batanga. Muri ibyo bihe, kurengera abakozi binyuze ku mushahara muto fatizo bishobora kuba uburyo bwo gukosora ubusumbane buri ku isoko, aho kuba ukuryangiza.

Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni uruhare rw'amafaranga akoreshwa n'abaguzi mu kuzamura ubukungu. Ingo zifite amikoro make zikunze gukoresha igice kinini cy'amafaranga zinjiza mu kugura ibicuruzwa na serivisi z'ibanze ku isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu. Iyo imishahara izamutse, ubushobozi bwo kugura na bwo buriyongera, bigatera icyifuzo cy'ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu bucuruzi, kandi bishobora gukangura ubukungu mu buryo bwagutse. Ibi byatumye abahanga benshi mu bukungu babona izamuka ry'imishahara atari ikibazo cy'abakozi gusa, ahubwo ari n'inkingi ikomeye y'iterambere rirambye.

Birashoboka ko icy'ingenzi kurusha ibindi ari uko ubushakashatsi mpuzamahanga bumaze imyaka myinshi bwavuguruje igitekerezo cyari kimaze igihe kivuga ko kuzamura umushahara muto mu rugero ruciriritse byanze bikunze bitera gutakaza akazi ku rwego runini. Kuva ku bushakashatsi bwabaye ikimenyabose bw'abahanga mu bukungu David Card na Alan Krueger mu myaka ya 1990, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakorewe mu bihugu bitandukanye bwagaragaje ko kuzamura umushahara muto mu buryo bwizwe neza akenshi bigira ingaruka nke cyane cyangwa ntizigire izipimika ku rwego rusange rw'akazi. Nubwo abahanga mu bukungu bakomeje kujya impaka ku rugero n'umuvuduko bikwiye mu kuzamura imishahara, ibimenyetso bigenda bigaragaza ko isano iri hagati y'umushahara muto n'ubushomeri igoye cyane kurusha uko inyigisho za kera zabyafataga.

Uretse ubukungu, izi mpaka zanagize isura ya politiki. Abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi n'abanenga imiyoborere y'u Rwanda bakunze kuvuga ko uburyo bwa politiki n'ubukungu bw'igihugu buhurijwe cyane ku rwego rumwe bwagize uruhare mu kwegeranya ubukire mu maboko make, nk'uko ubutegetsi na bwo bwegerejwe mu maboko make. Bavuga ko ibyemezo bya politiki akenshi bishyira imbere imibare rusange y'ubukungu, icyizere cy'abashoramari n'imishinga minini y'iterambere, ariko ntibyite bihagije ku izamuka ry'imishahara, uburenganzira bw'abakozi n'ubushobozi bw'ingo bwo kugura ibyo zikeneye.

Ikibazo nyamukuru kiracyagoye kwirengagiza. Ubukungu bw'u Rwanda bwazamutse ku buryo bugaragara mu myaka isaga makumyabiri ishize, nyamara abakozi benshi baracyahanganye n'izamuka ry'ibiciro by'amacumbi, ingendo, uburezi, ubuvuzi n'ibiribwa. Ikibazo gikomeye rero si ukumenya niba umusaruro ari ingenzi; nta gushidikanya ko ari ingenzi. Ikibazo ni ukumenya impamvu inyungu zituruka ku izamuka ry'ubukungu zitahindutse mu buryo bufatika ngo zigaragare mu kwiyongera kw'imishahara ku gice kinini cy'abakozi.

Amaherezo, impaka ku mishahara zirenze kure ubukungu. Zirebana n'ubwoko bw'umuryango u Rwanda rushaka kubaka, ndetse no kumenya niba iterambere ry'ubukungu ripimwa gusa hashingiwe ku mibare y'ishoramari n'izamuka ry'umusaruro mbumbe, cyangwa niba ripimwa no ku buzima bwa buri munsi bw'abaturage. Iterambere rirambye ntirisaba ubukungu bukura gusa; risaba n'amahirwe yiyongera, imishahara izamuka, ndetse n'ivuka ry'icyiciro cyo hagati gikomeye kibasha gusangira n'abandi ku nyungu z'iterambere ry'igihugu.

Kugeza igihe izo mpungenge zizaganirwaho mu buryo butaziguye kurushaho, impaka zijyanye n'imishahara, umusaruro n'ubutabera mu bukungu zizakomeza kuba imwe mu mpaka zikomeye zizagira uruhare rukomeye mu hazaza h'u Rwanda.